Actinonin ((-)-Actinonin) is a naturally occurring antibacterial agent produced by Actinomyces. Actinonin inhibits aminopeptidase M, aminopeptidase N and leucine aminopeptidase. Actinonin is a potent reversible peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitor with a K_i of 0.28 nM. Actinonin also inhibits MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and hmeprin α with K_i values of 300 nM, 1,700 nM, 190 nM, 330 nM, and 20 nM, respectively. Actinonin is an apoptosis inducer. Actinonin has antiproliferative and antitumor activities^{[1][2][3][4][5]}.

Ki: 0.28 nM (Peptide deformylase (PDF))^[2], 300 nM (MMP-1), 1,700 nM (MMP-3), 190 nM (MMP-8), 330 nM (MMP-9)^[3], and 20 nM (hmeprin α)^[5]
Apoptosis^[1]
Aminopeptidase M, Aminopeptidase N and Leucine aminopeptidase^[1]

Actinonin inhibits cell growth in various human tumor cell lines. The IC₅₀ of 4, 6.9, 12.8, 16.6, 27.4, 15.7 and 49.3 μM for Raji cells, MDA-MB-468 cells,PC3 cells, SK-LC-19 cells, Hela cells, HT-1080 cells and AL67 cells, respectively^[1].
HsPDF is a critical target of actinonin and that the inhibition of this protein in the mitochondria leads to cell death in tumor cells. Actinonin treatment of cells led to a tumor-specific mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ATP depletion in a time- and dose-dependent manner^[1].
Actinonin is a potent inhibitor of all three forms (Zn-, Ni-, and Fe-) of peptide deformylases from both S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Under the assay conditions, the IC₅₀ values for Actinonin are 90, 3, 0.8, and 11 nM for Zn-PDF (E. coli), Ni-PDF (E. coli), Fe-PDF (E. coli), and Ni-PDF (S. aureus), respectively^[2].
Actinonin is active against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus (MIC value of 8-16 µg/mL), Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC value of 8 µg/mL) and Streptococcus epidermidis (MIC value of 2-4 µg/mL). Actinonin is also active against fastidious Gramne-gative bacteria, such as H. influenzae (MIC value of 1-2 µg/mL), Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC value of 0.5 µg/mL), and Neisseria gonorrheae (MIC value of 1-4 µg/mL). Actinonin is very active against the H. influenzae acr (MIC value of 0.13 µg/mL) and E. coli acr (MIC value of 0.25 µg/mL) efflux pump mutants^[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Actinonin has been safely administered to mice as an antibiotic at doses up to 400 mg/kg. Actinonin does not appear to have significant toxicity to normal tissues, despite its antitumor activity in vitro. Remarkably, Actinonin exhibits significant antitumor activity when given i.p. or orally in a CWR22 human prostate tumor xenograft model in nude mice. During treatment, the animals show no signs of toxicity^[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

385.50

C₁₉H₃₅N₃O₅

13434-13-4

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Powder	-20°C	3 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

In Vitro: 

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (129.70 mM; Need ultrasonic)

*

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。
储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month。-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。

In Vivo:

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液，再依次添加助溶剂：

——为保证实验结果的可靠性，澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件，适当保存；体内实验的工作液，建议您现用现配，当天使用； 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比；如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象，可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

• 1.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% saline

  Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (12.97 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 5 mg/mL (12.97 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 50.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀；然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

  将 0.9 g 氯化钠，完全溶解于 100 mL ddH₂O 中，得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液

• 2.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

  Solubility: 5 mg/mL (12.97 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

  此方案可获得 5 mg/mL (12.97 mM) 的均匀悬浊液，悬浊液可用于口服和腹腔注射。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 50.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中，混合均匀。

  将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中，再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL，完全溶解，澄清透明
• 3.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90% corn oil

  Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (12.97 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 5 mg/mL (12.97 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液，此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 50.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中，混合均匀。

• [1]. Lee MD, et al. Human mitochondrial peptide deformylase, a new anticancer target of actinonin-based antibiotics. J Clin Invest. 2004 Oct;114(8):1107-16.

  [2]. Chen DZ, et al. Actinonin, a naturally occurring antibacterial agent, is a potent deformylase inhibitor. Biochemistry. 2000 Feb 15;39(6):1256-62.

  [3]. Wahl, R.C., et al. Hydroxamate inhibitors of human gelatinase B (92 kDa). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 5(4), 349-352 (1995).

  [4]. Duke SO, et al. Modes of action of microbially-produced phytotoxins. Toxins (Basel). 2011 Aug;3(8):1038-64.

  [5]. Kruse MN, et al. Human meprin alpha and beta homo-oligomers: cleavage of basement membrane proteins and sensitivity to metalloprotease inhibitors. Biochem J. 2004 Mar 1;378(Pt 2):383-9.